Geography

Overview

Kerala, often referred to as “God’s Own Country,” is a picturesque state located on the southwestern coast of India. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea to the west. Spanning an area of approximately 38,863 square kilometers, Kerala offers a diverse array of landscapes that cater to various types of travelers.

Key Regions and Highlights

• Beaches: Kerala’s coastline stretches for about 580 kilometers, offering numerous pristine beaches. Kovalam Beach is famous for its crescent-shaped coastline and lighthouse, while Varkala Beach is known for its cliffs and mineral springs. Marari Beach is a tranquil spot perfect for relaxation.
• Backwaters: The intricate network of backwaters is one of Kerala’s unique features. Alleppey, often called the “Venice of the East,” is renowned for its houseboat cruises on the serene backwaters. Kumarakom, situated on Vembanad Lake, is another popular destination for backwater tourism.
• Hill Stations: The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site, runs through Kerala, providing a stunning backdrop of hills and mountains. Munnar, known for its sprawling tea gardens, offers a cool climate and beautiful scenery. Wayanad, with its lush green forests and wildlife sanctuaries, is a haven for nature lovers.
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Kerala is home to several wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Thekkady, is famous for its elephant and tiger populations. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is another significant area where visitors can spot a variety of wildlife.

Geographical Features

• Western Ghats: These mountain ranges are crucial for the state’s climate and biodiversity. They influence the monsoon patterns and host a variety of flora and fauna.
• Rivers: There are 44 rivers in Kerala, including the Bharathapuzha, Periyar, and Pamba, which play a significant role in the state’s agriculture and daily life.
• Backwaters and Lagoons: The backwaters, comprising lagoons, lakes, and canals, are a distinctive geographical feature. The Ashtamudi Lake and Vembanad Lake are prominent backwaters.

2. Climate

Seasonal Breakdown

Kerala enjoys a tropical climate with three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter.

• Summer (March to May): Summers in Kerala are typically hot and humid. Temperatures can range from 29°C to 38°C (84°F to 100°F). Coastal areas experience higher humidity, while hill stations like Munnar and Wayanad remain relatively cooler.
• Monsoon (June to September): Kerala receives substantial rainfall during the southwest monsoon. The state also experiences a second, shorter monsoon season known as the northeast monsoon or “retreating monsoon” from October to November. This period is characterized by heavy downpours, lush greenery, and the famous Onam festival.
• Winter (October to February): Winters are the most pleasant time to visit Kerala, with temperatures ranging between 20°C to 32°C (68°F to 90°F). The weather is cool and less humid, making it ideal for sightseeing and outdoor activities.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Kerala is during the winter months from October to February. The weather is mild and enjoyable, perfect for exploring beaches, backwaters, and hill stations.

3. Food

Culinary Landscape

Kerala’s cuisine is a delightful blend of flavors, heavily influenced by its history, geography, and culture. The state is known for its use of coconut, rice, and a variety of spices.

Staple Ingredients

• Rice: The primary staple in Kerala, served in various forms such as steamed rice, idli, dosa, and appam.
• Coconut: Used extensively in cooking, both as coconut milk and grated coconut.
• Spices: Kerala is known for its spices like black pepper, cardamom, cloves, and cinnamon, which are integral to its dishes.

Popular Dishes

• Sadhya: A traditional vegetarian feast served on a banana leaf, typically during festivals and special occasions. It includes a variety of dishes like rice, sambar, avial, thoran, and payasam.
• Appam with Stew: Soft, lacy rice pancakes served with a stew made of meat or vegetables cooked in a coconut milk-based gravy.
• Puttu and Kadala Curry: Steamed rice cake served with a spicy black chickpea curry.
• Seafood: Kerala’s coastline ensures a plentiful supply of fresh seafood. Fish curry, prawns, crab, and squid are commonly prepared with unique regional spices and flavors.

Regional Specialties

• Malabar Cuisine: Known for its rich and aromatic dishes, including biryanis, pathiri (rice bread), and fish preparations.
• Syrian Christian Cuisine: Famous for its unique meat dishes like mutton stew, fish molee, and duck roast.
• Travancore Cuisine: Offers a blend of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes with a focus on coconut and tamarind flavors.

4. Clothing

Seasonal Recommendations

• Summer: Lightweight, breathable cotton clothes are recommended due to the high temperatures and humidity. Sunglasses, hats, and sunscreen are essential.
• Monsoon: Quick-drying clothing, waterproof jackets, and sturdy footwear are advisable to navigate the heavy rains. An umbrella or raincoat is a must.
• Winter: Light woolens or long sleeves are sufficient for the evenings, especially in the hill stations where temperatures can drop significantly.

Cultural Sensitivity

When visiting religious sites, it is important to dress modestly. For women, wearing clothing that covers the shoulders and knees is respectful. Men should avoid shorts and sleeveless shirts.

5. Safety

General Safety Tips

Kerala is generally considered safe for travelers. However, as with any travel destination, it’s important to stay vigilant and take necessary precautions.

• Personal Belongings: Keep your valuables secure and be cautious in crowded places to avoid pickpocketing.
• Night Travel: Avoid isolated areas and traveling alone at night. Stick to well-lit and populated areas.
• Health: Stay hydrated, use insect repellent to avoid mosquito bites, and be cautious of food and water hygiene to prevent illnesses.

Women Travelers

Kerala is relatively safe for women travelers, but it’s advisable to follow general safety practices:

• Avoid traveling alone late at night.
• Dress modestly, especially in rural areas and religious sites.
• Stay in reputable accommodations and use trusted transport services.

Emergency Contacts

• Police: 100
• Ambulance: 108
• Tourist Helpline: 1800 425 4747

6. Language

Official and Commonly Spoken Languages

• Official Language: Malayalam is the official language of Kerala and is spoken by the majority of the population.
• English: Widely spoken and understood, especially in urban areas, tourist spots, and by younger generations.
• Hindi: Also commonly spoken, particularly in commercial and tourist areas.

Useful Phrases

• Hello: Namaskaram
• Thank you: Nanni
• Yes: Athe
• No: Illa
• How are you?: Sukhamano?
• Please: Dayavayi
• Help: Sahayam

7. Currency

Currency and Exchange

• Currency: Indian Rupee (INR).
• Exchange: Foreign currency can be exchanged at airports, banks, and authorized money changers. It’s advisable to exchange money at authorized counters to get the best rates and avoid scams.

ATMs and Credit Cards

• ATMs: Widely available in cities, towns, and tourist areas. Ensure your bank cards are compatible with international transactions.
• Credit Cards: Accepted in most hotels, restaurants, and larger shops. However, in rural areas and smaller establishments, cash is preferred.

Tipping

• Restaurants: A tip of 5-10% is appreciated, but not mandatory.
• Porters and Guides: A small tip of INR 50-100 is customary.
• Housekeeping: INR 50-100 per day is appropriate.

8. Tips for Foreigners

Visas and Entry Requirements

• Visas: Ensure you have a valid tourist visa before traveling to India. E-Visas are available for citizens of many countries and can be applied for online.
• Passport: Your passport must be valid for at least six months beyond your intended stay.

Health and Vaccinations

• Vaccinations: Check with your doctor about recommended vaccinations before travel. Common vaccinations include hepatitis A, typhoid, and tetanus.
• Health Precautions: Drink bottled water, avoid ice cubes, and eat freshly prepared food to prevent stomach issues. Carry basic medications for common ailments like diarrhea and headaches.

Cultural Etiquette

• Greetings: A traditional greeting with folded hands (Namaskaram) is appreciated.
• Shoes: Remove your shoes before entering someone’s home or a place of worship.
• Public Behavior: Public displays of affection are frowned upon. Be respectful of local customs and traditions.

9. How to Avoid Scams

Common Scams

• Taxis and Auto-rickshaws: Insist on using the meter or agree on a fare before starting your journey. Avoid touts and use prepaid services or ride-hailing apps like Uber and Ola.
• Shopping: Be wary of high-pressure sales tactics in tourist areas. Bargain politely but firmly in local markets.
• Guides: Use certified guides or book through reputable tour companies. Avoid unsolicited offers from unverified individuals.

Tips to Stay Safe

• Research: Do your homework before traveling. Read reviews, ask for recommendations, and be informed about common scams in the area.
• Stay Connected: Keep your phone charged and have local emergency numbers handy.
• Trust Your Instincts: If something feels off, it probably is. Trust your gut and don’t hesitate to walk away from suspicious situations.

10. Transport Basics

Getting There

• Air Travel: Kerala has three major international airports:
  • Cochin International Airport (COK): Located in Kochi, it’s the busiest airport in Kerala.
  • Trivandrum International Airport (TRV): Serves the capital city, Thiruvananthapuram.
  • Calicut International Airport (CCJ): Located in Kozhikode. Direct flights are available from major international cities as well as domestic destinations.

Within Kerala

• Rail: Kerala has an extensive rail network connecting major cities and towns. Trains are an affordable and convenient way to travel. Book tickets in advance, especially for popular routes.
• Road: State-run KSRTC buses and private buses connect various parts of the state. Taxis and auto-rickshaws are also widely available. For short distances, hiring a cab or an auto-rickshaw is convenient.
• Water: Houseboats are a popular mode of transport in the backwaters of Alleppey and Kumarakom. Ferries and boats are also used for local transport in coastal areas and backwaters.

Transport Apps

• Uber and Ola: These ride-hailing apps are operational in major cities like Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram.
• RedBus: Useful for booking bus tickets online.

11. Foods to Try

Breakfast Dishes

• Idli: Steamed rice cakes served with sambar and chutney.
• Dosa: Thin, crispy pancakes made from fermented rice and lentil batter, served with chutney and sambar.
• Vada: Savory doughnuts made from lentil batter, crispy on the outside and soft on the inside.

Main Courses

• Kerala Sadya: A traditional feast served on a banana leaf, typically during festivals. It includes a variety of vegetarian dishes, pickles, and payasam (a sweet dish) served with rice.
• Fish Curry: A staple in coastal Kerala, made with fresh fish cooked in a spicy and tangy gravy.
• Prawn Moilee: Prawns cooked in a mild coconut milk-based curry, flavored with turmeric, ginger, and green chilies.

Snacks and Street Food

• Banana Chips: Thinly sliced and deep-fried, these chips are a popular snack.
• Pazhampori: Banana fritters, a sweet and savory snack made from ripe bananas dipped in a batter and fried until golden.

Desserts

• Payasam: A sweet dish made from milk, sugar, and rice or vermicelli, often flavored with cardamom, saffron, and dry fruits.
• Ada Pradhaman: A rich and creamy dessert made with rice flakes, jaggery, and coconut milk.